Host phylogeny and host ecology structure the mammalian gut microbiota at different taxonomic scales

Table 4 Microbiota richness, evenness, and phylogenetic diversity vary with host taxonomy and dietary guild

Model	Factor	Chao 1 Richness	Shannon diversity	Phylogenetic diversity
Across all study sp. (11 sp.) (N = 161)	Host family	χ² = 53.58, p < 0.001	χ² = 33.45 p < 0.001	χ² = 18.31 p = 0.001
Across all study sp. (11 sp.) (N = 161)	Host dietary guild	χ² = 79.03 p < 0.001	χ² = 73.72 p < 0.001	χ² = 52.61 p < 0.001
Within bovids (7 sp.) (N = 118)	Host species	χ² = 57.03 p < 0.001	χ² = 10.81 p = 0.02	χ² = 50.53 p < 0.001
Within bovids (7 sp.) (N = 118)	Host dietary guild	χ² = 19.55 p < 0.0001	χ² = 33.91 p < 0.0001	χ² = 10.67 p < 0.01

Shown are the likelihood ratio χ² test statistics obtained for linear mixed effects models specifying host dietary guild and host family as predictor variables, sample date as a random effect, and an alpha-diversity metric as a dependent variable. A similar model restricted to bovids was also constructed; it specified host species instead of host family. Significant p-values (α = 0.05) are bolded

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