Fig. 1

Possible interventions for manipulating the captive animal microbiome. A Direct animal manipulations include administration of antibiotics, microbiome transplants, and physical handling. B Manipulations targeting environmental exposures include presence of other animals (other species, conspecifics, and recently-wild individuals), diet and food processing, water source, cleaning practices, visitor exposure, climate, and soil, plants, and their associated microbes. Icons have been adapted under a Creative Commons license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) at phylopic.org and thenounproject.com. The hand image was sourced from clipart-library.com under a Personal Use license