Fig. 2

Effects of glyphosate or tylosin exposure on the gut transcriptome of honey bees in fall 2018. A–C Volcano plots showing differential gene expression in the guts of bees exposed to A 0.1 mM glyphosate, B 1.0 mM glyphosate or C 0.1 mM tylosin, when compared to unexposed, control bees, for a total of 9833 genes. Data points are colored for genes significantly differentially expressed, as follows: blue for p-adj < 0.05, green for FC > 2 and red for both p-adj < 0.05 and FC > 2; non-significant points are gray. Each group consists of 5 samples, each representative of 3 bee guts. D, E RT-qPCR expression for the genes D hymenoptaecin and E Toll-like receptor 4 relative to the housekeeping gene rps5 in the guts of unexposed and 5 day exposed bees. Each group consists of 15 samples, each representative of a bee gut. Averages and standard deviations are shown as bars and error bars. The linear regression ‘lm’ option in the pcr package in R was applied to estimate differences between control and treatment groups. **p < 0.01