Fig. 5From: Glyphosate induces immune dysregulation in honey beesEx vivo and in vivo experiments to investigate the effects of glyphosate and tylosin on melanization in honey bees. Ex vivo experiments were performed with 1-day old bees, 5-day old bees lacking or containing a normal microbiota, and hive bees. 2 μL of hemolymph were extracted from individual bees and used along with variable concentrations of glyphosate or tylosin (0, 0.1, 1, 2, 4, 7 or 10 mM) in melanization assays. In vivo experiments were performed with 5-day old bees lacking or containing a normal microbiota and hive bees previously exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate or tylosin (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mM) for 5 days. 2 μL or 5 μL of hemolymph were extracted from exposed bees and used in melanization assays. MD microbiota-defective, CV conventional microbiotaBack to article page