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Fig. 6 | Animal Microbiome

Fig. 6

From: Glyphosate induces immune dysregulation in honey bees

Fig. 6

Ex vivo experiments to investigate the effects of glyphosate or tylosin exposure on the melanization cascade in the hemolymph of honey bees. A–D The formation of dopachrome, an intermediate quinone of the melanization cascade, was measured after adding different concentrations of glyphosate or tylosin to the hemolymph extracted from A 1-day old bees, 5-day old bees B lacking or C containing a normal microbiota, and D hive bees. n = 16 samples per group. Samples were incubated for 30 min at 30 °C, and absorbance was measured at 490 nm. Significance between groups in each assay was measured with Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by Dunn’s multiple-comparison tests. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001. MD microbiota defective, CV conventional microbiota

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