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Table 2 Results of PERMANOVA investigating the influence of exploratory group, sex, scaled mass, activity level, latency to explore, capture location, and capture date on differences in the birds’ pre-captivity and post-captivity gut microbiome communities using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity or Weighted UniFrac distance

From: Gut microbiome diversity and composition is associated with exploratory behavior in a wild-caught songbird

Variable

Degrees of freedom

Pre-captivity Bray–Curtis:

F value (P-value)

Post-captivity Bray–Curtis: F value (P-value)

Pre-captivity Weighted UniFrac: F value (P-value)

Post-captivity Weighted UniFrac: F value (P-value)

Exploratory group

1

1.62 (0.026*)

1.29 (0.154)

1.65 (0.054)

0.77 (0.762)

Sex

1

1.47 (0.058)

1.40 (0.112)

2.18 (0.023*)

1.56 (0.071)

Scaled mass

3

1.83 (0.014*)

1.34 (0.161)

2.82 (0.005*)

1.62 (0.069)

Activity levels

3

1.10 (0.278)

0.98 (0.441)

0.85 (0.608)

0.66 (0.885)

Latency to approach first object

3

0.81 (0.806)

0.84 (0.644)

0.95 (0.451)

0.73 (0.773)

Capture location

4

1.27 (0.038*)

1.31 (0.113)

1.45 (0.058)

1.02 (0.442)

Capture date

24

1.19 (0.030*)

1.29 (0.079)

0.98 (0.539)

1.01 (0.471)

  1. * indicates significance at 0.05 level