Fig. 2

Microbial characterization in different body sites. a Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis distance of microbial communities from the baboon oral cavity, oropharynx, nose, cervix, uterus, vagina and rectum. The colored lines surrounding each sample type are covariance ellipsoids. b Alpha diversity in different body habitats, grouped by area, as measured using the Shannon index of ASV-level bacteria. Pharynx and nose had a significantly lower diverse microbiota than reproductive tract (TukeyHSD). c Divergence of microbes in a specific body site was quantified as the average dissimilarity of each sample from the group mean. d Weighted Unifrac distance within and between maternal lines for gut microbiota. ns means no significant difference detected between the same maternal line and different maternal lines by t-test (p = 0.19)