Fig. 7

Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis identifying taxonomic differences in the colon microbiota of RIR H9N2 AIV infected and control chickens. (Histogram of LDA scores of 16S rRNA gene sequences in H9N2 infected chickens at day 2 (a) and at day 4 post challenge (b) and respective control groups. LDA scores (log₁₀) above 3.0 and p < 0.05 are shown. Chickens were challenge with A/chicken/Pakistan/UDL01/08 H9N2 LPAIV. Infected groups enriched taxa are indicated with a positive LDA score (green), and taxa enriched in the control groups are characterized by negative score (red)