Table 1 Seasonal variation in day length, temperature, body mass, BMR, immune indices, diet and digestive efficiency
Factors * | Sex | Summer 2013 | Winter 2014 | Summer 2014 | Winter 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature a | 18.3 ± 2.4 | 4.0 ± 3.8 | 19.7 ± 2.8 | 3.5 ± 3.1 | |
Day length b | 16.3 ± 0.4 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 16.3 ± 0.4 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | |
Body mass | F | 526.0 ± 38.0 | 516.3 ± 34.4 | 511.1 ± 39.2 | 565.9 ± 26.4 |
M | 498.4 ± 60.9 | 636.3 ± 44.2 | 505.1 ± 50.0 | 621.1 ± 44.3 | |
BMR | F | 368.8 ± 34.5 | 408.5 ± 28.0 | 368.7 ± 34.5 | 362.1 ± 14.4 |
M | 328.0 ± 59.3 | 450.7 ± 52.3 | 343.1 ± 51.7 | 403.1 ± 32.4 | |
HP(res) | F | 0.001 ± 0.055 | 0.024 ± 0.070 | − 0.024 ± 0.023 | 0.042 ± 0.085 |
M | 0.015 ± 0.040 | 0.001 ± 0.051 | − 0.009 ± 0.18 | − 0.040 ± 0.023 | |
HL(res) | F | − 0.05 ± 0.99 | − 0.22 ± 0.45 | 0.29 ± 0.95 | 0.40 ± 0.67 |
M | 0.42 ± 0.97 | − 0.24 ± 00.67 | − 0.48 ± 0.81 | 0.24 ± 0.81 | |
HG | F | 7.69 ± 0.06 | 7.48 ± 0.10 | 8.70 ± 0.08 | 8.79 ± 0.05 |
M | 8.61 ± 0.06 | 6.91 ± 0.06 | 7.00 ± 0.06 | 8.29 ± 0.06 | |
KLH | F | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.0 |
M | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | |
HuSA | F | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 3.9 ± 2.0 | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 2.2 |
M | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | |
BSA | F | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 5.6 ± 3.6 | 4.5 ± 3.2 |
M | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | 3.6 ± 2.5 | |
PC-BSA | F | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 1.4 |
M | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | |
Total consumption | F | 20.6 ± 13.9 | 21.5 ± 12.4 | ||
M | 20.1 ± 4.4 | 18.7 ± 7.2 | |||
Pellet consumption | F | 79.4 ± 21.8 | 82.3 ± 26.3 | ||
M | 44.8 ± 36.3 | 47.1 ± 31.2 | |||
Digestive efficiency | F | 0.72 ± 0.07 | 0.64 ± 0.18 | ||
M | 0.77 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.05 |