Fig. 4

NMDS plots visualizing landscape effects on beta diversity. Beta diversity is measured by a weighted and b unweighted UniFrac distances in the three sympatric generalist species, the marsupials D. marsupialis (top) and P. opossum (middle), and the spiny rat P. semispinosus (bottom). Distances to the group centroids are depicted in the inserted graphs in the top right corners and ellipses indicate 95% confident intervals. Individuals were trapped in protected continuous tropical forests (landscape C, green); protected forested islands in the Panama Canal (landscape I, blue); in the nearby unprotected forested fragments embedded in an agricultural matrix (landscape A, yellow) and in teak plantations (landscape P, red)