Fig. 2

Differential diversity and composition of gut microbiota in healthy and diseased dogs. A Alpha diversity measured by the Shannon’s index and Simpson’s index. The diseased dogs had significantly higher Shannon’s and Simpson’s indices. B Baseline differential abundance heatmap of gut microbiota between healthy and diseased dogs. Thirty-seven significantly differentiated features (amplicon sequence variants; ASVs) were identified by the DESeq2 test (p < 0.05 and standard error of the log₂ fold change estimate, lfcSE < 4)