Fig. 8

Significant associations between microbial clades with sample metadata. (A) Heatmap summarizing all the significant associations between microbial clades and sample metadata. Color key: -log (q-value) * sign (coefficient). Cells that denote significant associations are colored (red or blue) and overlaid with a plus (+) or minus (-) sign that indicates the direction of association. (B) Taxa that are more abundant in the Test diet than Ref diet. (C) The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc showed decreasing trend with time, while the Mycoplasma showed increasing trend with time. (D) The relative abundance of Mycoplasma and Lactobacillus were negatively and positively correlated with alpha diversity, respectively. Note that the values of alpha diversity decreased as the PC1 of the PCA increased. (E) The relative abundance of Mycoplasma showed a clear positive correlation with the gene expressions of gut barrier functions, which decreased as the PC1 of the PCA increased. Note that the expression of the barrier genes decreased as the PC1 of the PCA increased. (F) The relative abundance of Leuconostoc showed a clear positive correlation with the gene expression of gut immune functions, which increased as the PC1 of the PCA increased. Note that the expression of the immune genes increased as the PC1 of the PCA increased. The significant association was set at FDR (q-value) < 0.25. f, family; FDR, false discovery rate