Fig. 4

Microbiota diversity and composition before (Day − 1) and 1, 5, and 9 weeks after dry-cow therapy. (A) Normalized abundance and (B) Shannon Index (alpha diversity) among ceftiofur-treated (orange) and control (grey) cows. Each boxplot shows the median, lower, and upper quartiles with the whiskers representing extreme values in the distribution. (C) The mean normalized abundance of microbial taxa at the phylum level, and (D) a PCoA of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Ellipses in the PCoA are clustered by sampling point and contain at least 90% of the samples. P-values were calculated using a paired Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare treatment groups within a sampling point