Fig. 1

A Schematic representation of the study design. Two cohorts of female pigs (n = 18) were sampled at nine different age-points, from three weeks of age through estrus (i.e., at artificial insemination), a week before and at the day of parturition and weaning of the first litter. Fecal microbiome (n = 8 of 18 pigs per age-point) and phenotypic AMR (n = 18 pigs per age point) were characterized. B The fecal bacterial enterotype transition in female pigs from the earliest life period through estrus and parturition and weaning (first parity) (from 3 to 53 weeks of life). Enterotypes—representing specific community types within the fecal bacteriome. The entire 16S rRNA dataset (at the genus level) was classified into four distinct enterotypes based on the lowest Laplace approximation. C Stacked bar showing the mean relative abundance of the 10 most dominant bacterial genera in each enterotype. D Change in the bacterial maturation scores with age. The black line and shading show the mean with the 95% CI values. E Number of unique microbiome features (individual dots) shared (connected dots) and total (horizontal bars) ASVs among age points