Fig. 4

Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) of small mammal GM performed A on ASVs and using the weighted Unifrac dissimilarity matrix and B on functions and using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix. Only significant factors based on the capscale and ordiR2step analyses are indicated by arrows. The ellipses represent a 90% confidence interval around the centroids of the groups. The larger graph shows the significant factors modulating GM composition. Each point represents the GM of an individual and the color illustrates the small mammal species. The smaller graphs below represent the variation of the GM composition along the urbanization gradient for urban adapter species (A. sylvaticus; A.flavicollis and M. glareolus). Each point represents the GM of an individual and the colors represent sites and the urbanization gradient