Fig. 4

Pairwise PERMANOVA tests on weighted Unifrac distance metrics visualized as heatmaps. Substrates were grouped to allow targeted comparisons: Polysaccharides sourced from pectins with inulin and AG (arabinogalactan) as prebiotic controls (a). Sugar beet pectins with different degrees and patterns of esterification (b). Different pectin polysaccharides at additive dose of 1% and 0.5% (c). Oligossaccharides derived from pectins with FOS (fructooligosaccharides) and GOS (galactooligosaccharides) as prebiotic controls (d). *P < 0.05. All fermentations were carried out in quadruplicate (with exceptions as stated in Fig. 1)